WORLD PRESS FREEDOM
writes: Eudoro Terrones Negrete
In 1993 General Assembly United Nations initiative of the countries of the Unesco , Resolution 48/432 declared May 3 as the Day World Press Freedom Day, to promote press freedom in the world to recognize that a free, pluralistic and independent foundation basic human dignity and the cornerstone of any democratic society.
to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, "Freedom of press is vital to keep the right to truthful information."
understand by freedom of the press to freedom of every individual to collect, select, analyze, evaluate and disseminate ideas, value judgments, criticisms, protests, beliefs and prophecies, on issues and problems of collective interest, through a broadcast medium, without restraint or external constraint or censorship. It is the inalienable right of every citizen, especially the journalist to inform and be informed in a responsible, honest, pluralist, independent and transparent.
There can be no full implementation of the functions of journalism without the right to freedom of information, expression, opinion, comment, criticism and dissemination through the media.
Press freedom is not owned by the State or any government in power, since it belongs to the community. Therefore must be defended, by all lawful means possible, counterfeiting or assault of any group, whether public or private, against those who attack it, and to hinder and obstruct people and companies who use monopolistic or oligopolistic to the press in order to promote projects selfish and ignoble.
Press freedom is guaranteed by the constitution of democratic countries, the Declaration on the Rights of Man and the Citizen's Charter of Rights and Duties of the bodies of Information Organization of the United Nations, the Declaration Universal Human Rights and international agreements, as long as consciousness and serves as an effective instrument for growth, development and progress of nations.
not forget that freedom of the press contributes to the promotion of international relations among states, the settlement of conflicts, the preservation and consolidation of peace and progressive realization of social justice. Is precisely the freedom of the press which demonstrates the great evils and vices and problems of society and enables the formulation of concrete proposals for solving them.
According to press freedom, journalists perform their supervisory functions, denunciation of acts of state powers and authorities in general, to defend and protect the interests of national majorities.
There is freedom of the press when the state respects private initiative and leadership in the domain of the media without government control or censorship. Where there is no freedom of expression and a democratic society with chances of success in the conquest of their aspirations for welfare and social justice. And where humans can not communicate freely, no other freedom is safe, as is the case of countries authoritarian, despotic, dictatorial.
According to the conception of the National Federation of French Press (1946): "The press is free when it does not depend on power or government power or the means of the money, but awareness of journalists and readers ".
In today's knowledge society, "UN devote their efforts to make the Internet will become a truly world wide public appeal, to which everyone access and where everyone can make their voices heard. This highlights the importance of quality of content, and calls for measures to defend the integrity and security of online journalists. We must move to the Internet world all the principles of freedom of expression "(Message Set (05/03/2011) the Secretary General of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Director General UNESCO on the occasion of World Press Freedom).
JOHN MILTON AND HIS FIRST CLAIM
The first argument made in favor of press freedom is attributed to the great English poet John Milton (1608-1674), when he said: "Whoever kills a man kills a living image of God, but he who destroys a good book, kills reason itself, kills the spiritual quintessence of existence. Above all other liberties, give me know, the saying and argue freely, according to my conscience. " STATE OF VIRGINIA
The State of Virginia, in North America, had guaranteed freedom of the press by the Bill of rights, in 1776, declaring that "the free use of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty and can not be restricted except by despotic rulers and governments. " MIRABEAU
In 1788, Mirabeau proclaimed: "That the first of your laws forever enshrined freedom of the press, more inviolable freedom, the most unlimited freedom without which no other will ever conceived. "
DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
According to the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789, which establishes the principle of press freedom as an inalienable right of every person, "the free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious rights of man: every citizen may therefore speak, write, publish freely, but answer the abuse of this freedom in cases determined by law. "
UNITED NATIONS (UN)
The United Nations Together, to encourage the creation of a Charter of Rights and Duties of the bodies of Information, said the three basic principles: freedom of travel and travel by all countries for journalists (1), freedom to disseminate information and opinions (2 ) and international obligation to correct false information in case (3).
"It is thanks to a free press that the cry of the oppressed can be heard around the world (United Nations, May 3, 1994).
SOCIALIST CONCEPTION OF PRESS FREEDOM
According to the socialist, "Press freedom in bourgeois society is the freedom of the rich fool, corrupt and trick every day, systematically and continuously, with millions of copies, the exploited and oppressed masses of the people, the poor "(Lenin," On the press ").
"In the capitalist world," says Nikolai Palgunov-the slogan of freedom of the press is more than a ruse to fool the masses "(" The press and public opinion ", B.. Aires, 1966).
"It gives citizens the freedom of speech and press in accordance with the aims of socialist society. The material conditions for its exercise are given by the fact that the press, radio, television, film and other media mass are state or social property and can not be in any case, private property, ensuring its use in the sole of the working people and the interest of society. The law regulates the exercise of these freedoms "(Constitution of Cuba, First Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba).
REQUIREMENTS FOR A FREE PRESS
For the existence of a free press is required for compliance with the following requirements: a) legal provisions that protect and encourage press freedom, personal safety and professional journalist, b) media organizations communication-minded and democratic ideals; c) establishment of economic structures that promote the development of a free and responsible press, d) codes of ethics, at the media and the press associations, which are met from beginning to end; e) that states do not limit access to inputs, distribution systems or hinder the development of the activities of news agencies, do not restrict the availability of frequencies or facilities for radio / TV broadcasting.
also f) requires the existence of a rule of law, with the continuing practice of the so-called right to a hearing, to prevent a person or depriving journalists of their rights without a trial in which gives them the opportunity defend and, g) of freedoms full, echoing expressions of Voltaire: "I do not agree with what you say but will defend to the death your right to say" and John Milton: "Give me liberty to know, to freely express and reason according to my conscience, above all liberties. "
Finally, it is required, h) that national borders are open to foreign journalists, should not apply to them certain quotas, should be allowed to travel freely within the country and have the right to import and export materials and equipment necessary for professional better fulfill their professional duties; i) willingness and ability of owners media and journalists to use - but not to abuse-the medium of expression with responsibility and moral obligation to seek the facts without prejudice and without pressure and without the will to disseminate malicious.
CRIMES AGAINST PRESS FREEDOM
constitute crimes against freedom of the press to publish articles, reviews, articles, interviews, news stories, announcements or letters assigned to a natural or legal person, a fact, a quality or a harmful behavior his honor or reputation, except that fully test the veracity of what is said or published. Is aggravated if the injured party's authority or public entity.
Publish documents forged, altered in essential form, or incorrectly attributed to natural persons, legal or official institutions.
Inserting ads that undermine economic and financial stability of the country, publishing articles or reviews whose author is disqualified by the court.
also constitute crimes against freedom of the press publishing secret official documents, editorials, articles and reviews which are detrimental to the overall security of the state and national defense, publishing articles, stories or images that describe unnecessarily salacious details, evidencing purpose of arousing the sexual instincts and appetites or used profanity or inconvenience to morality and decency, and ultimately make the advocacy of crime and its perpetrators.
(*) Article published in the newspaper in the country, Lima, Thursday, May 5, 2011.
to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, "Freedom of press is vital to keep the right to truthful information."
understand by freedom of the press to freedom of every individual to collect, select, analyze, evaluate and disseminate ideas, value judgments, criticisms, protests, beliefs and prophecies, on issues and problems of collective interest, through a broadcast medium, without restraint or external constraint or censorship. It is the inalienable right of every citizen, especially the journalist to inform and be informed in a responsible, honest, pluralist, independent and transparent.
There can be no full implementation of the functions of journalism without the right to freedom of information, expression, opinion, comment, criticism and dissemination through the media.
Press freedom is not owned by the State or any government in power, since it belongs to the community. Therefore must be defended, by all lawful means possible, counterfeiting or assault of any group, whether public or private, against those who attack it, and to hinder and obstruct people and companies who use monopolistic or oligopolistic to the press in order to promote projects selfish and ignoble.
Press freedom is guaranteed by the constitution of democratic countries, the Declaration on the Rights of Man and the Citizen's Charter of Rights and Duties of the bodies of Information Organization of the United Nations, the Declaration Universal Human Rights and international agreements, as long as consciousness and serves as an effective instrument for growth, development and progress of nations.
not forget that freedom of the press contributes to the promotion of international relations among states, the settlement of conflicts, the preservation and consolidation of peace and progressive realization of social justice. Is precisely the freedom of the press which demonstrates the great evils and vices and problems of society and enables the formulation of concrete proposals for solving them.
According to press freedom, journalists perform their supervisory functions, denunciation of acts of state powers and authorities in general, to defend and protect the interests of national majorities.
There is freedom of the press when the state respects private initiative and leadership in the domain of the media without government control or censorship. Where there is no freedom of expression and a democratic society with chances of success in the conquest of their aspirations for welfare and social justice. And where humans can not communicate freely, no other freedom is safe, as is the case of countries authoritarian, despotic, dictatorial.
According to the conception of the National Federation of French Press (1946): "The press is free when it does not depend on power or government power or the means of the money, but awareness of journalists and readers ".
In today's knowledge society, "UN devote their efforts to make the Internet will become a truly world wide public appeal, to which everyone access and where everyone can make their voices heard. This highlights the importance of quality of content, and calls for measures to defend the integrity and security of online journalists. We must move to the Internet world all the principles of freedom of expression "(Message Set (05/03/2011) the Secretary General of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Director General UNESCO on the occasion of World Press Freedom).
JOHN MILTON AND HIS FIRST CLAIM
The first argument made in favor of press freedom is attributed to the great English poet John Milton (1608-1674), when he said: "Whoever kills a man kills a living image of God, but he who destroys a good book, kills reason itself, kills the spiritual quintessence of existence. Above all other liberties, give me know, the saying and argue freely, according to my conscience. " STATE OF VIRGINIA
The State of Virginia, in North America, had guaranteed freedom of the press by the Bill of rights, in 1776, declaring that "the free use of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty and can not be restricted except by despotic rulers and governments. " MIRABEAU
In 1788, Mirabeau proclaimed: "That the first of your laws forever enshrined freedom of the press, more inviolable freedom, the most unlimited freedom without which no other will ever conceived. "
DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
According to the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789, which establishes the principle of press freedom as an inalienable right of every person, "the free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious rights of man: every citizen may therefore speak, write, publish freely, but answer the abuse of this freedom in cases determined by law. "
UNITED NATIONS (UN)
The United Nations Together, to encourage the creation of a Charter of Rights and Duties of the bodies of Information, said the three basic principles: freedom of travel and travel by all countries for journalists (1), freedom to disseminate information and opinions (2 ) and international obligation to correct false information in case (3).
"It is thanks to a free press that the cry of the oppressed can be heard around the world (United Nations, May 3, 1994).
SOCIALIST CONCEPTION OF PRESS FREEDOM
According to the socialist, "Press freedom in bourgeois society is the freedom of the rich fool, corrupt and trick every day, systematically and continuously, with millions of copies, the exploited and oppressed masses of the people, the poor "(Lenin," On the press ").
"In the capitalist world," says Nikolai Palgunov-the slogan of freedom of the press is more than a ruse to fool the masses "(" The press and public opinion ", B.. Aires, 1966).
"It gives citizens the freedom of speech and press in accordance with the aims of socialist society. The material conditions for its exercise are given by the fact that the press, radio, television, film and other media mass are state or social property and can not be in any case, private property, ensuring its use in the sole of the working people and the interest of society. The law regulates the exercise of these freedoms "(Constitution of Cuba, First Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba).
REQUIREMENTS FOR A FREE PRESS
For the existence of a free press is required for compliance with the following requirements: a) legal provisions that protect and encourage press freedom, personal safety and professional journalist, b) media organizations communication-minded and democratic ideals; c) establishment of economic structures that promote the development of a free and responsible press, d) codes of ethics, at the media and the press associations, which are met from beginning to end; e) that states do not limit access to inputs, distribution systems or hinder the development of the activities of news agencies, do not restrict the availability of frequencies or facilities for radio / TV broadcasting.
also f) requires the existence of a rule of law, with the continuing practice of the so-called right to a hearing, to prevent a person or depriving journalists of their rights without a trial in which gives them the opportunity defend and, g) of freedoms full, echoing expressions of Voltaire: "I do not agree with what you say but will defend to the death your right to say" and John Milton: "Give me liberty to know, to freely express and reason according to my conscience, above all liberties. "
Finally, it is required, h) that national borders are open to foreign journalists, should not apply to them certain quotas, should be allowed to travel freely within the country and have the right to import and export materials and equipment necessary for professional better fulfill their professional duties; i) willingness and ability of owners media and journalists to use - but not to abuse-the medium of expression with responsibility and moral obligation to seek the facts without prejudice and without pressure and without the will to disseminate malicious.
CRIMES AGAINST PRESS FREEDOM
constitute crimes against freedom of the press to publish articles, reviews, articles, interviews, news stories, announcements or letters assigned to a natural or legal person, a fact, a quality or a harmful behavior his honor or reputation, except that fully test the veracity of what is said or published. Is aggravated if the injured party's authority or public entity.
Publish documents forged, altered in essential form, or incorrectly attributed to natural persons, legal or official institutions.
Inserting ads that undermine economic and financial stability of the country, publishing articles or reviews whose author is disqualified by the court.
also constitute crimes against freedom of the press publishing secret official documents, editorials, articles and reviews which are detrimental to the overall security of the state and national defense, publishing articles, stories or images that describe unnecessarily salacious details, evidencing purpose of arousing the sexual instincts and appetites or used profanity or inconvenience to morality and decency, and ultimately make the advocacy of crime and its perpetrators.
(*) Article published in the newspaper in the country, Lima, Thursday, May 5, 2011.
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